Triangulated Irregular Network

 

I created this using ArcGis

A TIN is a vector data model of contiguous non overlapping triangles whose verticies are created from sample points of x, y, and z values and displayed as a surface model.  The TIN was created in 3D analyst toolbar in ArcScene.  This 3D model and animations are of downtown historic sites in Pittsburgh.

Isopleth

http://www.esf.edu/es/felleman/440SylF06.html

This Isopleth map shows sustainable/development futures for the United States.  An isopleth map utilizes data by generalizing and simplifying it in a continuous distribution throughout the geographic area.  This geologic map is useful because researchers can analyze potential sustainability within these areas.  The western part of the United States seems to have the most opportunity.

 Planning and Design of sustainable-development futures

 

Nominal Choropleth

http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~cook/movabletype/archives/2007/10/some_cool_graph.html

This is a nominal are choropleth map of state winners.  This data does not describe much besides votes and state winners.  Nominal area choropleth maps are similar to other choropleth maps except it displays nominal or categorical data.

Unstandardized Choropleth Map

I created this map using ArcMap

This is an unstandardized choropleth map of unemployment rates in the United States during the year 2008.  An unstandardized choropleth map uses the raw numbers from the data rather than "normalizing" or "standardizing" the values.  You can see that the westernmost states suffer the greatest from unemployment rates, which is probably due to the high percentages of populations in this area.  I created this map using ArcMap and downloaded the shapefiles from ArcGIS tutorial.

Cartographic Animations

http://uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/JSHINKER/animations/global/

This is a cartographic animation of net long wave radiation shown on a global scale.  Cartographic animations add a temporal variable, in this case it is displayed on radiation. 

Statistical Map

http://kindredblood.wordpress.com/2009/12/06/a-tale-of-the-south-food-stamps-etc/

This is a statistical map of the 2008 Presidential Elections in the United States.  These maps show statistical data displayed over a geographic area.  These stats are broken down by county, red standing for Republican and blue for Democrats.  This map is a perfect example of how the cartographer can  change the projection of data and make the map look different from the results.  By looking at the map, you might immediately think that McCain won the presidential election but as we all know, Obama in fact won.

Continuously variable proportional circle map

 

I created this map using ArcMap

This is a continuously variable proportional circle map of Hispanic people in California normalized to the population in the year 2000.  These maps show each symbol proportional to the data such as shown above.  The larger circles indicate 1% Hispanic citizens in the total population of California, so all of the circles totaled up should equal the total percent of Hispanic citizens relative to the overall population.  I downloaded the data from the ArcGIS tutorial, clipped out the cities, and created six classes to distinguish different amounts of Hispanic populations.

Box Plot

http://processtrends.com/pg_chart_box_plot.htm

This is a standard box plot showing a comparison between four different groups and sales ranging from 0-6,000.  The legend at the side shows the viewer exactly what the symbols mean and what they are looking at. A box plot is basically a picture or graphic that centralizes the data and shows the range of percentiles like that of this example.

Parallel Coordinate Graph

 

http://gis.cancer.gov/nci/geovisualization.html

This is a parallel coordinate graph used to communicate cancer statistics.  A parallel coordinate graph shows multiple variables on a geographic projection where each individual line represents a different variable.  This type of map would be quite useful because common trends between variables would be easily visible. 

Lorenz Curve

http://www.bized.co.uk/reference/diagrams/Lorenz-Curve/
This image is a Lorenz curve and is used for economic analysis of distribution of wealth within countries.  The Y-axis describes cumulative share of income and the X-axis cumulative share of population.  The straight line represents the line of perfect equality and the curved line is lorenz curve.  Following along the lorenz curve will tell the viewer how much of the population holds how much of the cumulative income of the country.  The closer the curved line is to the line of perfect equality, the more equally distributed the wealth is in that country.  In a perfect world the bottom 40% will hold 40% of the total wealth, the top 20% will hold 20% of the wealth and so on.

Univariate Choropleth

 

I created this map via ArcMap

This is a univariate choropleth map showing female literacy rates by province in Afghanistan during the years 2007 and 2008.  The lighter colors show a lower literacy rate by percentage and the darker colors showing a higher literacy rate.  A univariate map displays one variable on a geographic projection such as the one above.  I created this map using ArcGIS and downloaded the shapefiles from geocommons.com.

Bivariate Choropleth

 

I created this map using ArcGIS

This is almost the same exact map I used below as a classed choropleth map except I introduced a second variable.  A bivariate choropleth map basically displays two variables on one map.  Again, the color densities show GDP per capita by state in 2007 with California, Texas, and New York having the highest.  The second variable I added is top national colleges in the states which is shown by the blue triangles.  I chose to display top schools in America and compare it to GDP per state because I wanted to see if there was a relationship between education and productivity.  As you can see from the map, there are many prestigious universities in the top states with highest GDP and the states in the west (Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, N and S Dakota) that are among the lowest GDP do not have any universities. I created this map using ArcGIS and downloaded the shapefiles from geocommons.com. 

Classed Choropleth

I created this map using ArcGIS

This is a map of GDP per capita by state in the years 2007.  I created this map using ArcGIS and downloaded the shapefiles from geocommons.com.  I decided to classify the data into natural breaks and created six classes.  The darker the color the higher the GDP as can be seen in California, Texas, and New York.  Data can be displayed by many different classifications and completely change the message of the map even though the same information is used.  I thought that natural breaks was the least misleading for this dataset.

Correlation Matrix

http://yin.che.wisc.edu/images.htm

A correlation matrix is symmetric in shape and shows correlation between two numerical values in a graphical form.  This is a calculated protein correlation matrix with a range from 0.1 (blue-lowest) to 1 (red-highest).  This type of matrix is efficient in displaying correlation between two different variables.

Similarity Matrix

http://www.giseis.alaska.edu/Seis/EQ/tools/GISMO/correlation_cookbook/correlation_cookbook.html

A similarity matrix shows values that are represented by two different points.  The information is mapped on a Cartesian coordinate system, which makes it easier to analyze the data.  This matrix shows maximum correlation coefficient.

Stem and Leaf Plot

http://mainland.cctt.org/mathsummer/JosephBond/StemAndPlots/stem-and-leaf_std.htm

This is a stem and leaf plot of gross national product in Western Africa.  As indicated in the key, the number in the stem column is the first number, then followed by the leaf portion of the number.  The GNP is represented in terms of the US dollar as shown by the $.  A steam and leaf plot is used in statistics and is used as a basis for showing quantitative information in a graphical form.  This plot simplifies the data and organizes it so that it may be read and understood easily.

Histogram

http://mindprod.com/jgloss/histogram.html

Above are two identical histograms represented first with actual people and then in a graphical representation.  A histogram displays a distribution of data in a graphical form.  These graphs represent height distribution among males and females ranging from 5  to 6'5'' feet.  The red shows female height and the blue males in the actual graph and in the picture females simply represents females and males males.

Windrose

http://www.maine.gov/dep/air/meteorology/Windrosehome.html

A windrose shows wind speed and direction within a specific location and is generally used by meteorologists.   This is a sample windrose graphic map in the states of Maine with black, yellow, and red representing the highest wind speeds in knots. 

Population Profiles

http://www.japanfocus.org/-Roger-Goodman/2472

This is a population profile of Japan in 2003.   A population profile is represented in a chart (like the one above) and shows population growth rates in increments of four years from age 0 to 90.  Generally, population pyramids like the one above look more like a pyramid with a higher younger populations and decreasing populations with age.  However, Japan is a special case and has a more evenly distributed population with the exception of the age bracket from 30-50 years of age being the largest.  Japan's population is getting older and they are having less children which results in older average population.  The largest bracket is in the 50s range which is right after WWII, showing that there was an explosion of births during and after the war and then a sharp decline in the following years.

Index Value Plot

http://waterwatch.usgs.gov/new/?m=pa07d&w=plot

This is an index value plot comparing a streamflow over a seven day period  compared to values recorded in previous years.  An index value plot is basically a graph that has an index value with variables plotted above or below the line.  Here the index value is defined as Normal and is at about four with the wet and dry variables plotted above and below the line.

Bilateral Graph

http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay06.asp

Bilateral graphs display two sets of data and compares two related variables between them.  These types of graphs can be represented in bar and line graphs.  This graph shows male and female preference between communism (blue) versus fascism (red).  F stands for female, M for male, left for left - brained, right - brained, and bilateral.  According to the source, the survey was weighted for equal numbers of conservatives, liberals, and other political affiliations.  The graph shows that females lean stronger to communism rather than fascism and that the males are not so distinctive in preference.  Left brained males actually preferred fascism over communism.

DOQQ

http://www.groundwatersoftware.com/didger.htm

Digital orthoquarter quads (DOQQ) are aerial photographs that have been modified to Cartesian coordinates or UTM coordinates.  Distortion among aerial photographs can occur because some features such as mountains (higher elevations) show more detail whereas features at sea level will be more distorted.  Also, features that are not centralized within the photo are not aligned with the base so distortion can occur.  A DOQQ accounts for these distortions through a process of orthorectification, where ground features are shown in their true position which creates more accuracy.  In the DOQQ shown above, data is shown with different colors; blue representing hydrography and orange representing roads.

DLG

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-471/domier/index.html

A digital line graph displays digital vector data in the form of lines (arcs), points, and areas (polygons).  DLGs are able to display multiple forms of cartographic data such as PLSS, political boundaries, topography, roads, hydrography.  The image above is a DLG of a region of Illinois.

Star Plot

http://start1.jpl.nasa.gov/caseStudies/autoTool.cfm

A star plot, also known as a radar chart, displays multivariate data with three or more varaiables in a two dimensional chart.  These varaibles start from the same initial point and then break off.  In the image above, there are five different variables that are presented in a star like form or chart and are color coded accordingly so that they will not be mixed up.

Climograph

http://www2.volstate.edu/kbell/climographs.htm

This is a climograph for Manaus, Brasil during a one year period.  A climograph basically represents climatic parameters through geographical visualization.  In this image, precipitation (inches) and temperature (Fahrenheit) are shown in comparison to one another.  August and September have some of the lowest temperatures along with the most precipitation during the year.  This type of map is useful as a quick, simplified look at climatology of a region or area.  The information presented is not very specific but enough so to get a general feel of a region. 

PLSS

http://gis.nwcg.gov/giss_2006/cd_contents.html

This Public Land Survey System (PLSS) of the United States is an example of a systematic land partitioning system.  The PLSS surveys and identifies parcels of land for ownership using a series of base lines, principal meridians, and initial points making a grid.  The PLSS is broken down into townships (six mile incremental divisions parallel to the base line) and ranges (six mile incremental divisions parallel to the principal meridian) resulting in a congressional township (intersection of townships and ranges).  These are then divided into sections (one mile square parcels of land) which are around 640 acres.  Finally, the PLSS sections are split into plats, displaying individual parcels of land.

Cadastral Map

http://www.fig.net/cadastraltemplate/countrydata/ir.htm

A Cadastral map is used to show ownership of land.  This is a Cadastral map of Iranian land; more specifically the village of Namakabrood in the province of Mazandaran.  This type of map is beneficial to support land tenure systems that will protect land rights through public knowledge of boundary lines.

Propaganda Map

http://www.cardcow.com/42458/texans-map-united-states-scenic-texas/

This is a perfect example of a propaganda map showing "A Texan's Map of the United States".  Texas is exceptionally larger than normal and all of the other states have shrunk as well as changed names.  Propaganda maps or cartographic propaganda conveys messages using persuasive measures.  This type of map is fairly transparent when it comes to the motive behind the creation of the map.  I interpreted this map two different ways; 1. A way to make fun of Texans and their ignorant tendencies to think of themselves as a separate country (I am from TX and this is how people actually think), or 2. A prideful/humorous map for Texans because they honestly think they are better than all other states.  Either way, everything is bigger in Texas.

Triangular Plot

http://www.gigawiz.com/ternary.html

This image is a triangular plot of three unknown compounds.  Triangular plots generally demonstrate three different types of data.  With this specific layout, it is fairly easy in distinguishing the concentration of each set of data because it is presented in a simple way. 

Scatterplot

I created these maps using GeoDa

I created two quantile maps, a scatter plot, and standard deviation map using birth and death rates in North Carolina.  I left the other maps attached to the scatterplot so that the information conveyed could also be represented in other mediums. A scatterplot is defined as a mathematical diagram that uses Cartesian coordinates to show values.  In this scatterplot, birth and death rates of 1979 are plotted by frequency.  The line that goes through the points is known as the trendline and the direction and shape of it explains that birth rates and death rates are positively correlated. 

Cartogram

http://www.nimblebooks.com/wordpress/2006/08/cartogram-of-world-gdp/

This crazy, distorted image is a map of the World in terms of gross domestic product (GDP).  Cartograms, by definition, is a map that follows a particular theme and uses space to convey the information.  This map distorts countries that have a higher GDP by enlarging the areas and shrinking the lesser developed countries.  It is quite easy to see that the United States and Europe are the largest, thus having higher GDPs than the rest of the world.  Though GDP does not accurately measure human development or individual incomes, a higher GDP generally indicates a more developed country that has a strong economy as shown. 

Flow Map

http://www.flickr.com/photos/pkeenan/79036851/

This is a map of traffic flows between these major European countries represented as the red lines.  Line thickness defines the amount of traffic annually between the countries involved.  The traffic within the countries are measured in millions of minutes of voice telecommunication with the larger capitals showing the countries with the most traffic.  Flow maps show movement of objects, whether it be tangible or intangible, between locations, which is expressed as voice communication above.

Isoline

http://legacy.sfei.org/ecoatlas/GIS/MapInterpretation/MapsandScales.html

Featured above is an Isoline map of an a standard volcanic peak with a crater at the top.   By definition, isolines are the same as contour lines, which represent three dimensional surfaces of the world.  This could arguably be considered a contour map as well as an Isoline map.   The isolines have equal intervals that are increasing in elevation as you get closer to the crater and peak of the volcano.  The closer isolines towards the center indicate a more rapid increase in elevation compared to the further spread apart lines.  The tick marks define the depression that is the crater.

DRG

 

http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/factsheets/fs08801.html 

Above, is a digital raster graphic of  a section of Washington West, D.C. as can be seen from the Potomac River.  A DRG is a scanned image of a USGS topographic map with its features linked to latitude/longitude coordinates or UTM coordinated otherwise known as georectification.  All of the features are georeferenced to the surface of the earth and are linked directly to real world coordinate systems.  This type of map could be quite useful in distinguishing exact locations of physical features in relation to one another and the viewer.

DEM

 

http://new.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/5717.php?from=104033 

This is a digital elevation model of Grand Teton National Park and Yellowstone National Park.  This DEM shows terrain relief and is a representation of continuous elevation values by a set of z-values and referenced to a common datum.  The map also shows elevation change represented by the change in colors from GPS receivers and satellites.  According to research from the University of Utah, Yellowstone's "supervolcano" is rising and is shown by the red arrows pointing upwards which shows the rise in the Yellowstone caldera.

Doppler radar

http://www.deadlystorms.com/storms/2004/2004%20charley/videos.htm

This is a Doppler radar image of Hurricane Charley making landfall in Florida in 2004.  This graphic shows the hurricane coming from the Gulf of Mexico with the eye just over Fort Myers and moving through North Florida.  The Doppler radar used microwave radiation and a directional antenna to measure the pulses reflected from the storm.  The radar was used to make an atmospheric profile (motion and composition of particles) of clouds within the hurricane which is shown in the graphic.

Infrared Aerial Photo

http://www.ogfj.com/index/article-display/237820/articles/oil-gas-financial-journal/volume-2/issue-8/cover-story/hurricane-damage-may-have-lasting-impact.html

This is an infrared aerial photograph of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 just before making landfall in Louisiana and Mississippi.  The infrared emulsion, unlike the black and white emulsion, is sensitive to wavelengths that are not visible to the human eye.  This image uses false color to show the viewer the intensity and the eye of the storm. 

Black & White Aerial Photo

http://www.nouvellesimages.com/Aerial-view-of-the-Arc-de-Triomphe_Anonymous_art~AN018_id~cartespostales_mode~zoom

 This is a black and white aerial photograph of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France.  This type of photo is an example of remote sensing, meaning that it was taken from a plane which detected and measured the amount of radiation of different wavelengths that reflected back from the buildings and objects.  The black and white emulsion used to take this photograph is sensitive to the same wavelengths that the human eye experiences.

LIDAR

http://www.flickr.com/photos/gisuser/43339456/

This is a LIDAR image of flooding in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.  This image is an active sensor emission source taken from a over head plane.  You can see that most of the areas directly near the bay were hit hard and experienced many feet of water.  The green areas represent the areas that were under the most water followed by the yellow, orange, and red.  This type of map could be used by response or rescue teams to assist in extracting victims in the major disaster areas. 

Proportional Circle

 I created this map using ArcGIS

This is a Proportional circle map showing the locations of earthquakes with a magnitude of 7 or higher on the Richter scale in California.  The large black circles represent the earthquakes and the yellow, smaller circles represent cities within a 20 mile radius of these events.  This map would be quite useful to analyze cities at risk of getting hit by a major earthquake and properly preparing for this type of disaster by changing building infrastructure and creating emergency plans. I uploaded the data and shapefiles from my GIS Tutorial Updated for ArcGIS 9.3.

Dot Distribution

 I created this map using ArcGIS

This is a Dot Distribution map of Maricopa County, Arizona that shows voting districts, voting age population, and schools in the year 2000.  The dots represent census block voters; the size of the dot conveys the amount of voters in the area.  This type of map could be used as a political agenda, for redistricting, or even gerrymandering.  I downloaded the census block polygons, voting districts, and demographics from ERSI, Inc. 2000 and also from my GIS Tutorial Updated for ArcGIS 9.3.

Thematic

I created this map via ArcGIS

This is a thematic map that shows the concentration of Asian Americans in the United States in 2000.  This map could also be a classed choropleth map because the populations are divided into seven different classes and represented in densities; however, I think it is more of a thematic map because it has a cultural theme over a geographic area.  I have listed and highlighted the top 12 states with the most concentrations of Asians with California, New York, and Texas being top three with 500,000 and greater.  I uploaded the data and shapefiles from my GIS Tutorial Updated for ArcGIS 9.3.

Choropleth

 

I created this map using ArcGIS

This is a choropleth map of the state of Pennsylvania.  This map shows PA census tracts by county from Ages 5-17.  I have created a border around the counties and also labeled them so that there would be a clear distinction of densities within an area.  This type of map could be useful for advertisement, entertainment, food and beverage, and toy agencies that want to locate close to the most populous areas of children and teenagers.  I uploaded the data and shapefiles from my GIS Tutorial Updated for ArcGIS 9.3.

Isopach

 

http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/eoc/teachers/t_tectonics/p_crust.html 

This an Isopach map that shows the thickness of the Earth's crust.  Isopach maps represent rock or sediment thickness with the use of contour lines.  The lines in this map show equal thickness expressed in kilometers and a contour interval of 10 km which means that each line that increases in thickness increases in increments of 10 km.

Isohyet

http://www.bom.gov.au/hydro/wr/unesco/friend/pioneer/pioneer.shtml

Isohyet maps are examples of contour maps with the lines representing lines of constant precipitation.  This is a isohyetal map of Queensland in Australia which was created by using data from 11 long term stations in the catchment between 1920-1969 while taking into account topography and synoptic variations.

Isotach

 

http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/thompson/3may99/waf.htm 

Isotach maps show lines of constant wind speeds.  This map focuses mainly on the western half of the United States and shows the highest winds in the areas around Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, and California.  These lines or wind bars are measured in knots and ranges from 20 kt to 130kt with the highest (120 kt) located in Southern Oregon and Northern California.

Hypsometric Map

 

https://eng.ucmerced.edu/people/rbales/Courses/Core90x/ENVE110/Fall06/ENVE110files/Week04 

This is a Hypsometric map of average precipitation measured in inches for the western United States.  The color scheme shows the different averages with the westernmost area including parts of California, Washington, and Oregon experiencing the heaviest precipitation during this six month period.

Topographic Map

 

http://www.topozone.com/map.asp?lat=43.7411111111111&lon=-110.801666666667 

This is a topographic map of Grand Teton in Grand Teton National Park.  The contour lines represent equal values that increase or decrease in specific intervals.  This peak sits at 13,770 feet and its steepness and jaggedness is shown by the densely packed lines, which means that the change in elevation is large over a shorter distance.  The lines are not as compact the further away you move from the peak. 

Planimetric Map

 

http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/europe/italy/rome/ 

Here is a Planimetric map of Roma, Italy.  This map only shows two dimensional information such as streets, buildings, and landmarks within the city of Roma.   This type of map would be used to benefit a foreign traveler trying to get around the city.

Isobars

http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=670085038

This map shows lines of equal pressures or isobars during a severe storm off of the coast of Iberia.  It is easy to tell that this is a severe storm because of the extremely low pressures and the densely packed isolines.